>> "STATE CIRCLE" IS MADE BY MPT TO SERVE ALL OF OUR DIVERSE COMMUNITIES AND IS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF OUR MEMBERS.

THANK YOU.

>> CONNECTING MARYLANDERS TO THEIR GOVERNMENT.

THIS IS "STATE CIRCLE."

>> Jeff: GOOD EVENING.

WELCOME TO "STATE CIRCLE."

COMING UP TONIGHT, STORIES OF THE COLD WAR WITH LEGENDARY JOURNALIST.

>> Marvin Kalb: KALB.

BUT FIRST TONIGHT GOVERNOR HOGAN HAS LIFTED THE OUTDOOR MASK MANDATE IN MARYLAND AND EFFECTIVE TOMORROW ALL RESTRICTIONS ON OUTDOOR DINING ARE LIVED.

AS THE COVID PANDEMIC SLOWS, THE GOVERNOR IS STILL ADVISINGS UNVACCINATED MARYLANDERS TO WEAR MASKS WHICH SOCIAL DISTANCING IS NOT POSSIBLE.

STUDENTS AND STAFF OF STATE UNIVERSITIES WILL NEED TO BE VACCINATED BEFORE THE FALL SEMESTER.

WE SPOKE TO CHANCELLOR JAY PERMAN ABOUT HIS DECISIONS ON VACCINES AND THEZ A HBCU SETTLEMENT.

LET'S BEGIN WITH THE HB CSU NEWS.

THEE OF THE STATE'S FOUR HISTORICALLY BLACK INSTITUTIONS ARE WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF MARYLAND.

WHAT DO YOU THINK THIS MEANS FOR THEM GOING FORWARD?

>> >> I DON'T THINK THERE'S ANY QUESTION BUT THAT THEY ARE GOING TO BE ABLE TO TO ENHANCE THEIR PROGRAMMING SO THAT THE AT OUR HBCUs WILL HAVE OPPORTUNITIES THAT THEY HANT HAD BEFORE.

IT'S GOING TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE.

>> Jeff: DOES IT MEAN ANYTHING -- CERTAINLY THERE'S GOING TO BE MORE MONEY FOR ALL FOUR OF THE INSTITUTIONS.

DOES IT CHANGE ANYTHING IN TERMS OF WHICH CAMPUSES ARE GOING TO BE ABLE TO OFFER WHAT PROGRAMMING?

PERSONALITIES I DON'T THINK SO.

I THINK THAT -- >> Jay Perman, MD: I DON'T THINK SO.

I THINK THAT'S ONE SO IMPORTANT ABOUT THE SETTLEMENT IS THAT IT ALLOWS ALL OF OUR INSTITUTIONS TO MOVE AHEAD WITH VERY GOOD IDEAS THAT THEY HAVE, TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN MARYLAND.

THE SUIT ITSELF AND THE LONG PERIOD OF TIME THAT THIS HAS BEEN ON THE TABLE HAS HELD EVERYBODY BACK.

OUR HBCUs AND OUR OTHER INSTITUTIONS.

NOW WE CAN ALL MOVE AHEAD AND CREATE A VERY GOOD SYSTEM TO ENHANCE PUBLIC EDUCATION IN MARYLAND.

>> Jeff: NOW, ON THE QUESTION OF WHETHER STATE INSTITUTIONS ARE GOING TO MANDATE A COVID VACCINE, YOU'VE ANNOUNCED A DECISION ON THAT.

WHAT'S IT GOING TO MEAN FOR STUDENTS AND FACULTY AND STAFF?

>> Jay Perman, MD: WELL, LET ME START BY POINTING OUT THAT THESE DECISIONS ARE NOT MADE LIGHTLY, AND PARAMOUNT IN MAKING SUCH A DECISION IS WHAT'S RIGHT FOR THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF ALL OF THE PEOPLE THAT COME TO OUR CAMPUS.

OUR CAMPUSES ARE CRUCIAL TO THE STATE OF MARYLAND.

THEY EDUCATE OUR STUDENTS.

THE STUDENTS ARE NEEDED IN THE WORKPLACE.

IT MAKES A DIFFERENCE TO THE ECONOMY.

OUR GRADUATES PAY TAXES.

THE INVESTIGATORS, THE SCHOLARS ON OUR CAMPUS IMPROVE THE HUMAN CONDITION.

I SAY ALL OF THIS, JEFF, BECAUSE IT IS CRITICAL THAT WE GET BACK TO BUSINESS ON OUR CAMPUS AND STAY ACTIVE.

IT'S AN IMPORTANT MATTER.

AND THEREFORE, WE HAVE TO DO WHATEVER WE CAN TO ENSURE THAT THERE'S NO DISRUPTION ON CAMPUS, OWING TO THIS PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY.

THAT'S WHY WE MADE THIS DECISION.

WE BELIEVE THAT IF EVERYBODY IS VACCINATED THAT HAS REGULAR BUSINESS ON CAMPUS, WE ARE GOING TO BE IN THE BEST POSITION POSSIBLE TO AVOID AN UPSWING OF DISEASE, PARTICULARLY WHEN THERE'S A SPECTER OF VARIANTS COMING FROM AROUND.

THE WORLD.

>> Jeff: WHAT WENT INTO THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS HERE?

AND WERE THERE ANY CONTRARY VOICES COMING FROM ANY OF THE CAMPUSES?

>> Jay Perman, MD: WE HAD UNANIMITY AMONG LEADERSHIP ON THE CAMPUSES, AND IMPORTANTLY THEY, IN TURN, CONSULTED WITH THEIR CONSTITUENCIES.

THE REPRESENTATIVES OF OUR FACULTY, OUR STAFF, OUR STUDENTS.

THERE WAS ENTHUSIASTIC SUPPORT.

NOW, I DON'T DENY FOR A MINUTE THAT THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO HAVE VALID CONCERNS ABOUT VACCINATION.

I'VE READ THEIR LETTERS.

I LISTENED TO THEM.

BUT WE HAVE TO DO WHAT'S BEST TO ENSURE HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THIS PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY.

>> Jeff: I'M SURE THE UNIVERSITY LAWYERS WERE CONSULTED ON THE LIMITS OF THE AUTHORITY TO HAVE A MANDATE LIKE THIS.

WHAT WAS THEIR ADVICE?

>> Jay Perman, MD: WELL, THAT'S A CONTROVERSIAL AREA.

OUR LAWYERS FOR THE SYSTEM AND THE INSTITUTIONS ARE ULTIMATELY THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE ATTORNEY GENERAL.

AND WHILE I KNOW THERE ARE DIFFERENCES OF OPINION IN THE LEGAL COMMUNITY REGARDING OUR AUTHORITY TO DO SO, OUR ATTORNEY GENERAL BELIEVES THAT IT'S TOTALLY APPROPRIATE FOR US TO ISSUE SUCH A MANDATE.

I NOTICED THAT I BELIEVE YESTRDAY OR THE DAY BEFORE THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA CONCLUDE THE SAME FOR ITS PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES.

>> Jeff: AND I BELIEVE THERE ARE SOME POTENTIAL EXEMPTIONS FOR MEDICAL OR RELIGIOUS SITUATIONS.

LET ME ASK YOU TO PUT YOUR MEDICAL DOCTOR HAT ON.

YOU USED TO WEAR IT FULL-TIME AND MAYBE YOU HAVE IT IN STORAGE SOMEWHERE ALONG -- >> Jay Perman, MD: NO STORAGE.

I STILL DO SOME OF THAT.

>> Jeff: AND YOU WERE A PEDIATRICIAN, RIGHT?

>> Jay Perman, MD: I AM A PEDIATRICIAN.

>> Jeff: SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THE IMPACT OF THIS TERRIBLEBLED PANDEMIC FOR YOUNG PEOPLE IN PARTICULAR, AND YOU'RE WEIGHING THE PROS AND CONS OF THE VACCINES WHICH HAVE SOME REALLY, REALLY INFREQUENT BUT VERY SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS, APPARENTLY AT THIS POINT, WEIGH THAT AGAINST THE FACT THAT YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE BEEN TO SOME DEGREE STARED BY THE PANDEMIC TO THIS POINT -- SPARED BY THE PANDEMIC TO THIS POINT, AND AS YOU MENTIONED THE VARIANTS ARE OUT THERE, HOW DO YOU THINK ABOUT ALL THIS?

>> Jay Perman, MD: WELL, THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION.

MY ENTIRE MEDICAL CAREER HAS BEEN SPENT WEIGHING ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS RISK VERSUS BENEFITS, AND THAT'S WHAT THIS DISCUSSION IS ALL ABOUT.

RISKS VERSUS BENEFITS.

THERE ISN'T ANY QUESTION BUT THAT THERE ARE, AS YOU POINT OUT, VERY, VERY INFREQUENT SIDE EFFECTS.

SO ONE HAS TO DECIDE WHETHER THE RISK IN THIS CASE OF THE DISEASE SIGNIFICANTLY OUTWEIGHS THE POSSIBILITY OF SOME ADVERSE EVENT FROM THE VACCINE.

AND THAT'S AN IMPORTANT CONVERSATION.

THAT'S AN IMPORTANT DECISION THAT ONE NEEDS TO MAKE IN THIS REGARD.

WHAT CONCERNS ME IS THE ASSUMPTION THAT YOUNG PEOPLE ARE SOMEHOW PROTECTED FROM THIS DISEASE.

WE'RE NOT SEEING THAT EXPERIENCE RIGHT OW.

WE ARE SEEING, FOR EXAMPLE, IN MICHIGAN YOUNGER PEOPLE HOSPITALIZED, YOUNGER PEOPLE NEEDING ASSISTANCE WITH VENTILATION.

SO ALL ARE AT RISK, AND, OF COURSE, ON OUR CAMPUSES IT'S NOT JUST A MATTER OF YOUNG PEOPLE, AND IN THE COMMUNITY THAT SURROUND OUR CAMPUSES IT'S NOT JUST A MATTER OF YOUNG PEOPLE.

ALL OF OUR FOLKS NEED PROTECTION PROTECTION.

>> Jeff: WITH THE POLICY IN PLACE, HOW NORMAL CAN THINGS BE WHEN THE FALL SEMESTER GETS STARTED?

>> Jay Perman, MD: WELL, WE'RE ALWAYS GOING TO GO BY PUBLIC HEALTH GUIDANCE.

I WAS JUST WITH SOME STUDENTS OUT OF FROSTBURG AND THEY SAID, CHANCELLOR, WILL WE ABLE TO GET RID OF THE MASK?

I SURE HOPE SO.

I'M OPTIMISTIC.

WE KNOW ALREADY WE CAN GET RID OF THEM PROBABLY OUTSIDE, AND, YOU KNOW, AS MORE AND MORE PEOPLE BECOME VACCINATED, I'LL BET THAT WE'RE GOING TO BE ABLE TO BE CLOSER TOGETHER, AND I'M OPTIMISTIC THAT THERE'S GOING TO BE SOME RELAXATION OF MASK REQUIREMENTS BY THE FALL.

>> Jeff: HOW HAS THIS 15 MONTH PERIOD IMPACTED YOUR CORE MISSION, WHICH IS EDUCATING YOUNG PEOPLE?

THERE HAVE BEEN ALL SORTS OF COMPROMISES AND NEW TECHNOLOGY AND DISTANCE LEARNING, AND YOU HAVE ALSO ALL SORTS OF PROGRAMS, FROM UNDERGRADUATE TO GRADUATE AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.

THE IMPACT, IT CAN'T HAVE BEEN A NET '05 HAVE POSITIVE.

WHAT HAVE YOU SEEN?

-- A NET POSITIVE.

WHAT HAVE YOU SEEN?

>> Jay Perman, MD: WELL, I DON'T THINK THERE'S ANY QUESTION BUT THAT WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO SUSTAIN OUR EDUCATION MISSION.

WHAT WE HAVEN'T BEEN ABLE TO SUSTAIN AS WELL AS WE WOULD LIKE ARE THE IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL BENEFITS OF OUR STUDENTS, OUR FACULTY AND STAFF BEING TOGETHER, BEING ON CAMPUS, INTERACTING WITH EACH OTHER, LEARNING THE SOCIAL GRACES, LEARNING TO BE CIVIL WITH EACH OTHER, ALL THINGS THAT ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN AMERICA TODAY.

AND ARE PART OF HIGHER EDUCATION.

THAT'S SUFFERED.

WHAT HAS ALSO SUFFERED ARE STUDENTS THAT REALLY NEED THE ON CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT, STUDENTS THAT DON'T HAVE A QUIET PLACE TO STUDY AT HOME, STUDENTS THAT DON'T HAVE CONNECTIVITY.

WE NEED THOSE CAMPUSES BACK IN ACTION SO THAT WE CAN ACCOMMODATE THESE NEEDS.

SO THE FINAL THING I'LL SAY IS ALL THAT WE'VE BEEN THROUGH ON THE CAMPUS AND BEYOND HAS TAKEN A TOLL ON MENTAL HEALTH.

THAT'S WHY IT'S SO IMPORTANT THAT WE GET BACK TO BUSINESS AGAIN.

>> Jeff: AND WE KNOW THAT A LOT OF THE YOUNG PEOPLE WHO HOPEFULLY ARE HEADED TO MARYLAND INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING HAVE BEEN IMPACTED IN THEIR HIGH SCHOOLS AND MIDDLE SCHOOLS AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.

THE NUMBER OF KIDS FAILING CLASSES HAS GONE UP.

WHAT DO YOU EXPECT AS THE NEW WAVE OF STUDENTS COMES ON CAMPUS?

I GUESS THE GOOD THING IS THEY'RE FAMILIAR WITH THE IDEA OF DISTANCE LEARNING AND MAYBE SOME OF THAT TECHNOLOGY IS GOING TO BE USEFUL.

>> Jay Perman, MD: WELL, THERE'S NO QUESTION THAT BECAUSE OF ALL THAT WE'VE EXPERIENCED, WE ARE IN A MUCH BETTER POSITION TO DEPEND ON REMOTE EDUCATION WHEN IT'S APPROPRIATE, BUT THE OTHER THING THAT ENTERS MY MIND WHEN YOU RAISE THE ISSUE IS WE ARE GOING TO BE VERY SENSITIVE TO THE FACT THAT THE STUDENTS COMING IN, THE NEW STUDENTS, THEY'VE LOST SOMETHING BY ALL THAT HAS HAPPENED OVER THE LAST 15 MONTHS.

WE'RE GOING TO BE NEEDING TO BE SENSITIVE TO THAT AND TO ASSIST AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE IN ORDER TO MAKE THEM AS COLLEGE-READY AS POSSIBLE.

>> Jeff: LAST QUESTION.

FINANCIAL IMPACT ON THE INSTITUTIONS THAT YOU REPRESENT.

OVER THE LAST YEAR AND A HALF, CERTAINLY SOME UNFORESEEN EXPENSES, MAYBE FEWER STUDENTS, CERTAINLY NOBODY IN THE STANDS AT BALLGAMES.

WHAT'S THE BOTTOM LINE?

>> Jay Perman, MD: THE BOTTOM LINE IS PROBABLY ABOUT $700 MILLION.

OVER THE LAST 15 MONTHS COLLECTIVELY TO OUR INSTITUTIONS BECAUSE OF THE FACTORS THAT YOU RAISED AND BECAUSE OF ENHANCED EXPENSES.

IT'S ACTUALLY COST MORE TO PROVIDE REMOTE EDUCATION, TO DEAL WITH HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES, SO WE'VE HAD DECREASED PROVES HAVE REVENUES, AS YOU POINT OUT, INCREASED EXPENSES, REDUCTIONS BY STATE, REDUCTIONS IN EVENT REVENUE, REVENUE RELATED TO OUR HOUSING, ALL OF THAT.

WE'VE MANAGED.

WE NEED OUR FUNDING RESTORED, BUT WE HAVE HAD A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT, AND WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO CLIMB OUT OF THAT.

>> Jeff: UNIVERSITY SYSTEM CHANCELLOR JAY PERMAN.

DR. PERMAN, THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

>> Jay Perman, MD: A PLEASURE.

THANK YOU, JEFF.

>> Jeff: NOW HOUR CONVERSATION WITH THE LEGEND BROADCAST JOURNALIM.

THE.

>> Marvin Kalb: KALB IS OUT WITH HIS 17th BOOK, A MEM ARE WAIF HIS EARLY CAREER P MR. KALB WAS DID MOSCOW CORRESPOND FORTUNATE CBS NEWS.

HE IS NOW AFFILIATED WITH THE FOREIGN POLICY PROGRAM AT THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION WHERE HE FOCUSES ON THE IMPACT OF MEDIA ON PUBLIC POLICY AND POLITICS.

MR. KALB IS ALSO THE HOST OF KALB REPORT, CONVERSATIONS AT THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB, WHICH IS PRESENTED TO PBS STATIONS BY MPT MIPS NEW BOOK ASK ASSIGNMENT RUSSIA: BECOMING A FOREIGN COURSE COURSE ARE NOT IN THE RECRUITS I WILL BE OF THE WOLD CAR.

IT'S AN HONOR TO HAVE YOU WITH US.

IF YOU DON'T MIDE MIND I'D LIKE TO SKIP TO ONE OF YOUR BEST STORIES WHICH IS SET IN PARIS IN 1968 EARLY IN THE MORNING, AND YOU ARE BUYING -- EARLY 1960S YOU ARE BUYING BREAKFAST FOR ANY TETE A CRUSH CHEV WHO IS THE SOVIET PREMIER.

HOW ON EARTH THIS D. THAT HAPPEN?

>> Marvin Kalb: MY RESPONSIBILITY AT THIS COMMIT WAS TO LOOK AFTER THE RUSSIAN ANGLE, AND THAT MEANT VERY MUCH.

KHRUSHCHEV WAS A VERY DYNAMIC FIGURE.

HE LOVED THE PRESS.

HE LOVED TO DEAL WITH REPORTERS.

HE WAS NOT LIKE HIS PRED SAYSTOR JOSEPH STALIN AT ALL.

DISPREDECESSOR.

CREW CHEV KHRUSHCHEV.

SO I ASKED THE FOREIGN EDITOR IF HE WOULD BE KIND IF YOUHAVE TO GIVE ME A CREW, I WOULD GO TO THE SOVIET EMBASSY BE THERE AT 6:00 IN THE MORNING.

KNOWING THAT KHRUSHCHEV ENJOYED GOING OUT FOR A MORNING WALK.

SO AT 7:00, THE GATES OF THE SOVIET EMBASSY OPENED UP, AND THERE COMES KHRUSHCHEV WITH TWO BODYGUARDS.

I AND MY CREW RUSH TOWARD THEM.

THE BODYGUARDS STEPPED IN FRONT OF KHRUSHCHEV, REACHED INTO THEIR JACKET, OBVIOUSLY, THREW HAVE DREW WEAPONS, AND I HAVE KHRUSHCHEV LOOKING AT ME SAID, NO, NO, NO, HE'S FINE.

AND THAT'S SOMETHING THAT KHRUSHCHEV NICKNAMED ME BACK IN 1956 WHEN I SAID THAT I WAS 3 SENTIMENTS SHORTER THAN CZAR PETER THE GREAT.

SO HE THOUGHT THAT WAS GREAT.

3 SENT MERITS.

HE SO PUT ME IN THAT CATEGORY.

AND WE WENT FOR A BRIEF WALK, CAME UPON ONE OF THOSE MAGNIFICENT PARISIAN BAKERY SHOPS, A BOULANGRIE AND THE AROMA OF CROISSANT FRESHLY BAKED WAFTED FROM THE BAKERY RIGHT OUT INTO THE STREET.

NOTICED KREICHEF STOPPED AND SNIFFED.

I SAID, HAVE YOU EVER TRIED A CROISSANT?

HE SAID, NO.

I RUSHED IN, BOUGHT A BUNCH OF CROISSANTS FOR HIM AND HIS BODYGUARDS, AND FOR ME AND MY CREW.

SCREW CHEF BIT INTO IT.

HIS FACE LIT UP IN JOY.

HE, "THAT IS REALLY DELICIOUS."

AND I KNEW THAT I SORT OF HAD HIM IN A GOOD MOOD AND THEN STARTED ASKING HIM QUESTIONS ABOUT BERLIN, DISARMAMENT AND WHAT IS HE GOING TO DO WHEN HE MET PRESIDENT EISENHOWER THE NEXT DAY.

AND HE GAVE ME A REALLY GOOD INTERVIEW, AND IT WAS, JEFF, MY FIRST FOREIGN ASSIGNMENT AND MY FIRST, QUOTE, SCOOP, AND I RUSHED BACK TO CBS, AND THEY WERE, OF COURSE, VERY HAPPY TO GET IT, AND I WAS AS WELL.

>> Jeff: HELPED, OF COURSE, THAT YOU SPOKE THE LANGUAGE.

AND WHEN YOU WERE HIRED DIRECTLY BY EDWARD R. MURROW, HE WAS LOOKING FOR A RUSSIAN EXPERT, NOT NECESSARILY AN EXPERT ON GENERALLISM OR BROADCAST JOURNAL JOURNALISM.

>> Marvin Kalb: JEFF, THAT IS A VERY IMPORTANT POINT IN MY, QUOTE, CAREER BECAUSE I WAS NOT TRAINING TO BE A BROADCAST JOURNALIST AT ALL.

I WAS UP AT HARVARD.

I WAS DOING Ph.D. WORK TRYING TO GET A JOB AS A PROFESSOR TEACHING RUSSIAN HISTORY.

I DID WRITE FOR A NUMBER OF MAGAZINES AT THAT TIME.

I DID A PIECE ON SOVIET YOUTH.

IT APPEARED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES SUNDAY MAGAZINE SECTION.

MURROW READ IT, APPARENTLY LIKED IT, CALLED ME THE FOLLOWING MORNING, INVITED ME COME DOWN TO NEW YORK TO TALK TO HIM.

IT WAS SUPPOSED TO BE 30 MINUTES, HIS SECRETARY SAID, NO MORE, MR. KALB, 30 MINUTES.

I SAID, THAT'S GREAT.

WE WENT ON FOR THREE HOURS.

AND THAT WAS BECAUSE MURROW KEPT ASKING QUESTIONS.

HE KEPT ASKING QUESTIONS ABOUT SOVIET YOUTH, WHEN THEY SORT OF BROKE OFF ON THEIR OWN, WHEN THEY MARRIED, THEIR SENSE OF RELIGION, THEIR SENSE OF PARENTAGE.

HE WAS CURIOUS ABOUT EVERYTHING BECAUSE IN THOSE DAYS, AS YOU CAN REMEMBER, WE WERE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE COLD WAR.

THE SOVIET UNION WAS OUR PRINCIPLE ADVERSARIY.

THEY HAD THE NUCLEAR WEAPONS.

THEY COULD DESTROY US.

AND MURROW WANTED TO KNOW AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION AND.

AND WHEN THIS THREE HOURS WAS OVER, IT PUT A BIG SENILE ON HIS FACE.

HE PUT HIS ARM ON MY SHOULDER AND SAID, " >> Marvin Kalb: , WOULD YOU WOULD YOU LIKE TO JOIN CBS?"

IT TOOK ME A LONG TIME TO ANSWER THAT QUESTION.

SECOND.

I SAID "YES, SIR."

HE HIRED ME ON THE SPOT, REALLY, AND A NUMBER OF OTHER PEOPLE AT CBS WERE NOT PLEASED WITH THAT BECAUSE THEY WANTED A REAL JOURNALIST.

THEY WANTED A GUY WHO UNDERSTOOD HOW TO USE CAMERAS, WHO UNDERSTOOD THE TECHNICAL SIDE OF BEING A RADIO/TELEVISION REPORTER.

>> Jeff: MR. KALB, YOU'VE PROBABLY BEEN TOLD YOU SOUND THE PART OF A BROADCAST JOURNALIST.

DID CBS TRAIN IN YOU THAT, TOO?

>> Marvin Kalb: NO, NO, GOD GAVE ME THAT.

>> Jeff: LET'S TALK ABOUT YOUR INTEREST IN RAUSCH WHICH WAS NO PURELY ACADEMIC.

YOUR PARENTS WERE BOTH FROM THAT REGION.

>> Marvin Kalb: WELL, MY MOTHER WAS BORN IN KIEV IN UKRAINIAN, AND MY FATHER IN A SMALL TOWN IN POLL AND CALLED GERARDOFF AND THEY CAME TO THE UNITED STATES, MY MOTHER IN 1913, MY FATHER IN 1914.

THEY CAME WITH THAT FALSE EAST EUROPEAN BELIEF THAT IN AMERICA THE STREETS WERE PAVED WITH GOLD, THAT YOU COULD BOW BEFORE ANY RELIGION.

THAT WAS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY, YOUR FEELINGS, PRIVATE.

THEY HAD BEEN SUBJECTED TO RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION.

MY FATHER VERY MUCH WANTED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, AND HE FOUND THE OPPORTUNITY IN THIS COUNTRY.

DIDN'T END UP MAKING A LOT OF MONEY AT ALL.

IN FACT, VERY LITTLE.

BUT HE FELT VERY STRONGLY THAT AMERICA WAS A GREAT COUNTRY BECAUSE IT GAVE YOU THE CHANCE, AND IF YOU TOOK FULL ADVANTAGE OF IT, YOU COULD MAKE IT.

AND FOR ME THIS BOOK "ASSIGNMENT RUSSIA" WAS MY WAY WITH, ISIG MY WAY OF SAYING THANK YOU TO AMERICA BECAUSE BY WELCOMING MY FATHER, THE OPPORTUNITY TO BECOME A CORRESPONDENT, AND THAT'S A JOB I END JORI IMMENSELY.

>> Jeff: AS A CORRESPONDENT IN MOSCOW, I'M SURE YOU WERE FOLLOWED ALL THE TIME.

AND GETTING A REPORT BACK TO NEW YORK, THERE WERE NO ZOOM CALLS.

SO IT WAS FILM, AND YOU HAD TO GET PHYSICALLY SEND THE FILM, RIGHT?

>> Marvin Kalb: RIGHT, AND THIS REPRESENTED A HUGE CHALLENGE BECAUSE THE RUSSIANS BELIEVED THAT ANY FOOTAGE THAT YOU TOOK HAD TO BE DEVELOPED IN RUSSIA, TO H. TO BE CLEARED BY RUNGS SENSORS BEFORE THEY WOULD ALLOW TO YOU SHIP IT.

BY RUSSIANAN.

AND I WAS THERE WITH THE CAMERA AT A GREAT SCENE WHEN THE WRITER PASTERNAK WHO WROTE THE GREAT NOVEL DR. ZHIVAGO, WHEN HE DIED, AND WHEN HE DIED, BECAUSE HE I WAS POET, HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF RUNGS CAME TO HIS LITTLE RUSSIAAS CAME HOME.

I TOOK PICTURES.

NO ONE STOPPED ME.

BUT THERE WAS THE QUESTION THE END OF THE DAY, HOW DO I GET TO IT NEW YORK?

SO I RAN TO THE AIRPORT WHEN THIS WAS OVER.

IT WAS VERY LATE.

I THOUGHT I SPOTTED WHAT WE USED TO CALL A PIGEON, SOMEBODY WHO WOULD TAKE YOUR FOOTAGE AND CARRY IT TO NEW YORK.

AND I SAW THIS WOMAN SITTING THERE.

AND I SAID, I'M GOING TO MAKE A TRY.

WENT OVER, BEFRIENDED HER.

SHE LOOKED AT ME.

SHE HEARD ME, AND SHE SAID, "I HEAR YOU.

DO I HEAR YOU ON THE RADIO?"

AND I SAID, "YES, I WORK FOR CBS, AND HAVE A FAVOR TO ASK OF YOU?"

"WHAT IS IT?

ANYTHING" I SAID, "WOULD YOU PLEASE TAKE MY FOOTAGE AND TAKE IT TO NEW YORK."

IS THAT WHERE YOU ARE GOING?

YES.

SHE TOOK IT.

I WAS THRILLED.

I HAD MY PIGEON AND I HAD THE GREAT FOOTAGE OF THE PASTERNAK FUNERAL EXCEPT, JEFF, IT NEVER GOT TO NEW YORK.

I. I DON'T KNOW WHETHER SHE DUMPED IT HERSELF, WHETHER THE RUSSIANS GOTS AHOLD OF IT AND THREW IT OUT OUT.

THE I DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHAT HAPPENED.

BUT IT WAS A DEVASTATING PSYCHOLOGICAL SETBACK FOR ME.

I THOUGHT I WAS ON THE EDGE OF SOMETHING REALLY SPECTACULAR IN CULTURAL AND JOURNALISTIC TERMS, BUT THE FOOTAGE NEVER GOT TO NEW YORK.

>> Jeff: WITH ALL OF YOUR YEARS STUDYING RUSSIAN HISTORY, LIVING THROUGH THE COLD WAR HISTORY THERE, WHEN YOU LOOK AT RUSSIA TODAY AND, OF COURSE, THE EMPIRE'S LARGELY GONE, WHAT DOES VLADIMIR PUTIN'S RUSSIA WANT?

NOT IDEOLOGY AS MUCH AS IT USED TO BE, RIGHT?

>> Marvin Kalb: NO NOT IDEOLOGY I THINK AT ALL.

WHAT THE RUSSIANS WANT NOW MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE IS RESPECT.

FOR THEM THAT IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES OF INTERN RELATIONS.

IF THE -- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

IF THE UNITED STATES RESPECT RUSSIA, WELL, THEN, PUENTE FEELS THEY'RE RESPECTING HIM BECAUSE HE REPRESENTS RUSSIA.

AND AT THIS PARTICULAR POINT HE IS, IN MY JUDGMENT d I COULD BE WRONG HERE, BUT IN MY JUDGMENT, I THINK HE'S IN A BAD WAY.

I THINK ALL OVER THE COUNTRY TODAY RUSSIAN PEOPLE FEEL THAT THEY ARE NOT BEING PAID ENOUGH.

WAGES HAVE GONE DOWN, AT THE SAME TIME AS THE PRICE OF ALL CONSUMER GOODS HAS GONE UP.

AND THERE IS -- YOU CAN SENSE THIS IN THE WAY IN WHICH THE PEOPLE ARE RESPONDING TO NOVOTNY NOVOTNY, THIS POLITICAL I DON'T KNOW THE OF PUENTE, AND THERE'S AN OF PUTIN.

AND THERE'S AN UNHAPPINESS IN MY JUDGMENT, AN UNHAPPINESS IN THE PLANNED, AND PUTIN MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE LIKE ANY DICTATOR IT WASN'T TO KEEP POWER.

AND TO KEEP POWER, HE FEELS HE HAS TO SOMEHOW OR ANOTHER PUT DOWN HIS OWN PEOPLE AND GET FROM THE UNITED STATES THE RESPECT THAT HE FEELS HE DESERVES.

AND WE IN THIS COUNTRY, I DON'T THINK HE DESERVES THAT KIND OF RESPECT.

SO THERE IS THAT IMMEDIATE TENSION.

>> Jeff: IN THIS COUNTRY RESPECT FOR THE MEDIA HAS BEEN TRENDING SHARPLY DOWNWARD IN RECENT YEARS.

WITH YOUR BACKGROUND AT MURROW CBS, WHAT DO YOU THINK, WHEN AND IF YOU WATCH THE EVENING NEWS OR CABLE NEWS?

>> Marvin Kalb: WELL, THERE'S A DIFFERENCE.

THERE IS A HUGE DIFFERENCE NOW.

AND THE LARGEST DIFFERENCE I THINK IN AMERICAN JOURNALISM BETWEEN THE TIME THAT I WAS WORKING WITH MURROW, AND THAT'S THE 1950S, '60s, AND NOW IS THE TECHNOLOGY.

TODAY YOU HAVE THE NEW TECHNOLOGY.

TODAY YOU HAVE SOCIAL MEDIA.

TODAY YOU CAN BROADCAST LIVE FROM ANYWHERE.

YOU WOULD NEVER BE STUCK WITH THE FOOTAGE OF THE PASTERNAK FUNERAL.

YOU WOULD BE DOING THAT LIVE DIRECTLY TO NEW YORK.

SO THE JOURNALISTS TODAY HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF THE NEW TECHNOLOGY, BUT THE DISADVANTAGE OF BEING REGARDED BY TYRANTS AND DICTATORS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF A PARTICULAR POINT OF VIEW.

AND JOURNALISTS TODAY ARE IN PUBLIC.

JOURNALISTS TODAY ARE BEING KILLED ALL OVER THE WORLD JUST BECAUSE THEY'RE JOURNALISTS.

IN MY TIME WE DIDN'T FEEL THAT WE WERE GOING TO BE KILLED.

MAYBE THROWN INTO JAIL SOMEWHERE, BUT NOT KILLED.

TODAY THERE'S THAT THREAT IN ADDITION TO THE NEW TECHNOLOGY.

>> Jeff: OUR THANKS TO MR. KALB AND THANK YOU FOR WATCHING "STATE CIRCLE."

HAVE A GOOD NIGHT.